The lexicon is built and updated manually and contains 76,000 fully vowelized lemmas. The breakthrough lies in the reversal of the traditional root-and-pattern Semitic model into pattern-and-root, giving precedence to patterns over roots. While traditional morphology is based on derivational rules, our description is based on inflectional ones. In our previous studies, we have proposed a straightforward encoding of taxonomy for verbs (Neme, 2011) and broken plurals (Neme & Laporte, 2013). By taking into account these rules, our resources are able to compute and restore for each word form a list of compatible fully vowelized candidates through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup. For restoring vowels, our resources are capable of identifying words in which the vowels are not shown, as well as words in which the vowels are partially or fully included. They are typographical rules integrated into large-coverage resources for morphological annotation. Specifically, we present two dozens of rules formalizing a detailed description of vowel omission in written text. In this research, we present Arabic-Unitex, an Arabic Language Resource, with emphasis on vowel representation and encoding. Although numerous studies have been published on the issue of restoring the omitted vowels in speech technologies, little attention has been given to this problem in papers dedicated to written Arabic technologies. In Arabic texts, typically more than 97 percent of written words do not explicitly show any of the vowels they contain that is to say, depending on the author, genre and field, less than 3 percent of words include any explicit vowel. Vowels in Arabic are optional orthographic symbols written as diacritics above or below letters. This reveals unexpected relations between calligraphy, spelling and possibly even text history. The technology under scrutiny creates the conditions for contrastive analysis of digital Arabic text and computer-synthesized calligraphy. The paper is based on the results of research into two faces of Arabic text: computer-aided Latin transcription and computer-synthesized Arabic script. While addressing key issues of Arabic computing, this paper takes the requirements of Qur'anic studies as the central theme: computer-aided transcription to input a clean data structure related to graphemes and archigraphemes as well as correctly shaped typography that incorporates precise rules for allographic assimilation. This approach forces one to explore the opportunities of Unicode-based information technology for Arabic philology. This is the kind of exercise where one cannot afford to take anything for granted regarding Arabic text representation.
Arabic letters professional#
Creating such such a model involves linguistically sound computer-aided transcription for efficient data entry on the one hand and historically correct script images as professional output on the other.
For the creation of a complete model for handling Arabic script with information technology, exhaustive understanding of its structure is imperative. Consequently the potential of philological computing, in fields like database research, networking and publishing, remains largely untapped. The industry attempts to cater for such requirements, but it must do so practically without participation or professional input of academic specialists. Yet, scholars are expected to be able to handle literary text, archaic text as well as contemporary Qur'anic text with so-called word processors. Today it revolves around elusive computer codes and ugly fonts. Until recently, Arabic text representation was the exclusive domain of professional calligraphers and typographers.
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